Proposition 17: If a variable x occurs in at least one of the statements \phi and \psi , then it occurs in the equivalence (\phi \Leftrightarrow \psi) .
Proof: By [16], x occurs in the implications (\phi \Rightarrow \psi) and (\psi \Rightarrow \phi) . Thus, by (d) in the definition of occurrence, x occurs in the conjunction \big( (\phi \Rightarrow \psi) \wedge (\psi \Rightarrow \phi) \big). But (\phi \Leftrightarrow \psi) is short for precisely this statement. \square