Proposition 44: Idempotence of conjunction (inference rule)
(a) Given that \phi holds, we may infer that the conjunction \phi \wedge \phi holds: \cfrac{\vdash \phi}{\vdash (\phi \wedge \phi)}. (b) Given that \phi \wedge \phi holds, we may infer that \phi \wedge \phi holds: \cfrac{\vdash (\phi \wedge \phi)}{\vdash \phi }.
Proof: (a): Using that \phi holds as both of the premises required in conjunction introduction, we infer that \phi \wedge \phi holds.
(b): We infer by conjunction elimination that \phi holds. \square